Quantitative surface-enhanced Raman measurements with embedded internal reference

Analytical applications of SERS are often more associated with qualitative than quantitative analysis, because of the difficulty in obtaining quantitative SERS results. In this paper we introduce a new strategy to quantitatively measure the SERS signals of analytes based on Au-core/Ag-shell nanoparticles with embedded 4-aminothiophenol as the internal reference. Successful detections of two analytes, Toluidine Blue O in aqueous solution (detection limit of 0.1 μM) and melamine in milk (detection limit of ∼5 μM), are demonstrated. The improvement in the linear fitting illustrates that the use of internal reference significantly improves the accuracy of the quantitative SERS measurements. The successful detection of melamine in milk illustrates the versatility of this detection scheme for a wide variety of analytes.     

Sensor–actuator system for dynamic chloride ion determination

Chloride is a crucial anion for various analytical applications from biological to environmental applications. In order to measure the chloride ion concentration, a measurement system is needed which can detect this concentration for prolonged times reliably. Chronopotentiometry is a technique which does not need a long term stable reference electrode and is therefore very suitable for prolonged ion concentration measurements. As the used electrode might be fouled by reaction products, this work focuses on a chronopotentiometric approach with a separated sensing electrode (sensor) and actuating electrode (actuator). Both actuation and sensor electrode are made of Ag/AgCl. A constant current is applied to the actuator and will start the reaction between Ag and Clˉ, while the resulting Clˉ ion concentration change is observed through the sensor, which is placed close to the actuator. The time it takes to locally deplete the Clˉ ions is called transition time. Experiments were performed to verify the feasibility of this approach. The performed experiments show that the sensor detects the local concentration changes resulting from the current applied to the actuator. A linear relation between the Clˉ ion concentration and the square root of the transition time was observed, just as was predicted by theory. The calibration curves for different chips showed that both a larger sensor and a larger distance between sensor and actuator resulted in a larger time delay between the transition time detected at the actuator and the sensor.     

A new device for in-line colorimetric quantification of polypropylene degradation under multiple extrusions

An in-line colorimeter that is able to quantify color changes in real time during extrusion was developed and validated. It is composed of LEDs emitting at three different wavelengths and a photocell that measures the intensity of the light transmitted through the polymer melt flow. The colorimeter was validated at the bench by employing colored aqueous solutions and in-line during the extrusion of a colored polypropylene. Furthermore, it was used to in-line quantify the color changes in a polypropylene as generated over multiple extrusions due to thermo-mechanical degradation. The technique was proved to be fast and suitable to measure color changes in real time during extrusion.     

Dynamic shearing resistance of molten metal films under high pressures and extremely high shearing rates

In the present study plate-impact pressureshear experiments have been conducted to study the dynamic shearing resistance of molten metal films at shearing rates of approximately 10⁷ s⁻¹. These molten films are generated by pressure-shear impact of relatively low melt-point metals such as 7075-T6 Al alloy with high hardness and high flow-strength tool-steel plates. By employing high impact speeds and relatively smooth impacting surfaces, normal interfacial pressures ranging from 1–3 GPa and slip speeds of over 100 m/s are generated during the pressure-shear loading. The resulting friction stress (∼100 to 400 MPa) combined with the high slip speeds generate conditions conductive to interfacial temperatures approaching the fully melt temperature regime of the lower melt-point metal (7075-T6 aluminum alloy) comprising the tribo-pair. During pressure-shear loading, laser interferometry is employed to measure normal and transverse motion at the rear surface of the target plate. The normal component of the particle velocity provides the interfacial normal traction while the transverse component provides the shearing resistance of the interface as it passes through melt. In order to extract the critical interfacial parameters, such as the interfacial slip-speed and interfacial temperatures, a Lagrangian finiteelement code is developed. The computational procedure accounts for dynamic effects, heat conduction, contact with friction, and full thermo-mechanical coupling. At temperatures below melt the flyer and target materials are described as an isotropic thermally softening elastic-viscoplastic solid. For material elements with temperatures in excess of the melt point, a purely Newtonian fluid constitutive model is employed. The results of this hybrid experimental-computational study provide insights into the dynamic shearing resistance of molten metal films at high pressures and extremely high shearing rates.     

两相流显微PIV/PTV系统的开发

开发了一个能同时测量两相流中两相速度和细颗粒尺寸分布的显微PIV/PTV系统,其硬件系统包括大功率连续激光器、显微镜、高速摄像机;软件系统由改进的球形颗粒图像识别算法、各种图像处理算法和各种先进的PIV/PTV算法组成。其中改进的圆弧识别算法能够进行更准确地进行曲线分割而能对充满噪音并相互重叠的颗粒图像给出较好的识别结果。应用该PIV系统,可以在微秒和微米数量级上捕获细颗粒/气泡图像,并能较准确地同时得到两相速度、颗粒尺寸和浓度分布。对焚香可吸入颗粒物进行了速度和尺寸的同时测量,得到了较满意的结果。     

基于光学和扫描显微平台的微尺度实验力学检测技术和装置研究

本文基于光学和扫描显微平台,介绍了本研究组在微尺度实验力学检测技术和设备方面的最新研究成果。在检测技术方面涉及显微散斑干涉技术、微标记阵列检测技术、晶粒变形分析技术、光学探针动静态变形分析技术;在检测系统和装置方面介绍了新近开发的双视场薄膜检测系统、散斑微干涉系统、微标记检测平台、AFM和SEM单轴拉伸装置、三维微定位与加载系统、微力传感器及其标定装置、微动平台驱动装置等。探讨了微尺度实验力学检测中的问题和新的检测技术,给出了一些典型的应用和相关装置。     

高速飞行器壁板颤振的分析模型和分析方法

壁板颤振是壁板结构在高速气流中产生的一种自激振动,在超声速和高超声速飞行器上特别容易发生这种现象。壁板颤振引发的非线性振动将对高速飞行器结构的疲劳强度、飞行性能和飞行安全带来不利的影响。随着高速飞行器设计中各项研究工作的开展,壁板颤振问题受到了到越来越多的重视。本文阐述了目前国内外学者在高速飞行器壁板颤振分析领域的研究现状及壁板颤振研究中常用的六种分析模型,并根据壁板颤振分析中使用的结构理论和气动力理论,详述了这种分类的依据。文中还介绍了温度、气流偏角、壁板几何尺寸及边界条件对壁板颤振的影响规律和目前常用于分析壁板颤振问题的频域和时域方法,总结了各种分析方法的优缺点。最后归纳了目前在高速飞行器壁板颤振研究中得出的几个重要结论,提出了今后在高速飞行器壁板颤振研究中需要解决的若干问题。     

Optical Analysis and Qualitative Discrimination of Vortex-Flame Interaction in a Plane Premixed Shear Layer

To obtain practical schemes of vortex–flame interactions, a series of organized eddies formed in the plane premixed shear layer is investigated, instead of a single vortex ring or a single vortex tube. The plane premixed shear layer is first formed between two parallel uniform propane–air mixture streams. For getting clear qualitative pictures of vortex–flame interactions in the plane premixed shear layer, two extreme ignition points are assigned; one is assigned at the center of an organized eddy where the vortex motion plays an important role, the other at the midpoint between two adjacent organized eddies where the rolling-up motion prevails. A premixed flame is initiated by an electric discharge at one of the two assigned points and propagates either in the large scale organized eddy or along the interface between two uniform mixture streams. Propagation and deformation processes of the flame are observed using the simultaneously two-directional and high-speed Schlieren photography. The tangential velocity of organized eddy and the equivalence ratio of premixed shear flow are varied as two main parameters. The outline of propagating flame after the midpoint ignition is numerically analyzed by superposing the flame propagation having a constant burning velocity on the vortex flow field simulated with the discrete vortex method. The results obtained show that there exists another type of vortex–flame interaction in the plane shear layer in addition to the vortex bursting, and that it is caused by the rolling-up motion particular to the coherent structure in the plane shear layer and is simply named the vortex boosting. It is qualitatively concluded therefore that, in the ordinary turbulent premixed flames formed in the plane premixed shear layer, these two fundamental vortex-flame interactions get tangled with each other to augment the propagation velocity. An empirical expression which qualitatively takes into account of the effects of both vortex and chemical properties is finally proposed.     

大变位时物体变形测量的相关性恢复方法

本文提出根据白光散斑图像数据模拟刚体位移复位的相关性恢复方法，以解决物体大变位情况下的变形测量问题     

裂纹扩展速度对焦散线的影响和动态应力光学常数的测定

本文从焦散线形成原理的数学描述出发,用扩展裂纹尖端附近的应力分量表达式,在前人工作的基础上,作了详细的数值计算。特别分析了裂纹扩展速度对焦散斑和初始曲线的形状、大小的影响,为测量扩展裂纹尖端的动态应力强度因子K_1~d提供了依据,并通过拟合得到了以裂纹扩展速度为参量的修正因子表达式。本文还提出了一种测定透明材料动态应力光学常数的方法,并用这一方法测定了有机玻璃的动态应力光学常数。